How has Kentucky done recently at welcoming and empowering all Kentucky’s K-12 learners? This week, after Brigitte Blom’s call to action, I’ve summarized 2023 overall test scores and shared a snapshot of those results by group. Here, I want to share other kinds of evidence about how well we have been supporting students of varied backgrounds on the path to a large life.
History tells us our schools were once designed to exclude children of color and children with disabilities, channel children from low-income families into low-income futures, and provide sharply different opportunities based on gender.
Have we broken all that down and reshaped schools to value and develop all children’s capacities fully? No, we have not. That work is unfinished, and those differences cast shadows over our hopes for a big bold future.
Here, I’ll support that claim with seven kinds of evidence from the recently released 2023 Kentucky School Report Card. I’ll use charts to show patterns by race and share a downloadable table showing the related patterns based on English learner status, disability identification, economic disadvantage, and gender. I’m giving race first attention because many people find those issues the most uncomfortable to engage, but I invite every reader to puzzle over the full set of patterns.
1. Chronic Absenteeism
Student absences count as chronic when they miss seventeen days of school or more in one year. In addition to obvious learning impacts, that level of absence warrants concerns that students may not be connecting fully as class members.
30% of Kentucky students had chronic absences last year. That warrants big concern for our learners. The rates varied considerably by student group, with African American students having a 35% chronic rate.
2. Classroom Removals
When students are removed from their classrooms for disciplinary reasons, that surely affects their sense of belonging and engagement. Last year, Kentucky schools had 27 removals for every 100 students. I’ve calculated that by adding up reported expulsions, suspensions, and in-school removals and then dividing by enrollment. Those removals aren’t distributed anything like evenly: African American students experienced 64 removals per 100 students. That’s notably better than their experience before the pandemic, but it’s still grounds for great concern.
3. Identification of Gifted and Talented Students
Kentucky has committed to providing distinctive learning opportunities and individual education plans for exceptional students. Last year, 22% of students were recognized as gifted and talented learners ready for those supports, but there were sharp differences in identification by group. African American students, Hispanic or Latino students, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander students received far fewer opportunities than students of other backgrounds.
4. Identification of Students with Disabilities
Kentucky students with identified disabilities should receive accommodations and supports to strengthen their learning opportunities.
Over-identification has sometimes been used to push marginalized groups to one side. It’s good news that the chart below shows very similar identification rates for African America and white students.
Under-identification can also be harmful: students who could benefit from individualized learning approaches may not be offered those opportunities. The chart below invites concern about whether Asian students, Hispanic or Latino Students, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander students are being fully served.
5 and 6. Dual Credit Enrollment and Success Rates
Inviting students to try college-level work in high school is now a major Kentucky strategy for adding rigor to current learning and encouraging future postsecondary study.
Dual-credit courses allow a student to meet high school requirements in classes that can also count toward a postsecondary degree or credential. The charts below look at two aspects of these opportunities: who is included in the classes and who receives grades that qualify for dual credit. The first shows quite low inclusion for African American students, Hispanic or Latino students, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander students. The second shows extra-low rates of receiving grades that qualify for college credit.
Advanced Placement work, where students prepare for tests that can qualify for college credit, warrants at least as much concern. That kind of coursework is now less common than dual credit, but I’ve included those comparisons in the summary table.
7. Kindergarten to Grade 3 Reading
My final chart links fall kindergarten readiness data to spring reading proficiency levels four years later. When the Prichard team shared similar charts before the pandemic, most groups showed third grade results higher than their readiness rates. This time, the Kentucky School Report Card shows most groups reading less well than we would have expected based on their earlier readiness levels.
For Hispanic or Latino students, the upward movement stands out. That seems important enough to celebrate and explore, though that group’s reading proficiency remains lower than many other groups.
For African American students, the downward movement was sharper than for any other group. Starting kindergarten, there was an 8 point gap between those students and their white classmates. Near the end of grade 3, the gap had ballooned to 25 points.
This isn’t a new pattern. African American students experienced a drop in the past versions that showed a rise for pretty much every other group we track.
It isn’t new, but it is disturbing. Something happens for African American children that doesn’t happen for others, and it happens after they start school. I don’t want the explanation to be that what happens is school. I don’t want the explanation to be that those children aren’t as welcome in our schools as others. I really don’t. After seeing this pattern for repeat over many years, the thing is that I don’t have any other explanation. This worries me, and it should worry us all.
Welcome for Other Groups?
Across these seven kinds of evidence, there are signs of lesser welcome and support for English learners, students with disabilities, and students from economically disadvantaged homes. There are high classroom removals for male students and low identification of disabilities for female students. The 2023 data on these seven issues for all groups can be seen in this one-page summary.
A Concluding Note
Our schools should provide robust opportunities and support for each and every child. The path to a larger life should be wide open for us all. We haven’t yet created that part of our big bold future yet, and I hope that looking straight at this evidence can be one important step in rising to the important challenge of welcoming and empowering all Kentucky learners.
